2.
  -2024
..  

( )
:      : 100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.        -    
2.    WTO  -        
     ?
-
3.       ?       ?
4.              ?
-
5.        -   
  '  
2.
6.         
  ?   
   ?
-
7.              ?
8.         
    
    ?
  -2024
..  

( )
:      : 100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.        -    
:           |
 
        ,     ,   -
,               
,            -     , 
  ,            
    
 -       ,    
2.
     --       
 
 
1.  ' 
 ,    '           
       ,  ,  ,    
  '       
 ,   -   
       
 ,        
     ,           ' 
      
 
2.    
             -  ,  
             , -
      ,          ,  
            , , 
      
   ,    
         
3.    
   , 
              
 ,            ,
     
      '  
             ,     , 
     
   ,    
4.        
         ,        
         ,     
                 ,
          ,       
         ,     ' 
 
2.
5.    
        ,      
 
               
' 
        ,        
,        
,      
 
6.     
         
  
 ,   

   , -          , 
    , -,         ,  
       -        ,
              
7.      
              ,  
        ,        , 
       -     
     
       
   
,           
      
   
8. , ,    
   ,    ,   ,    - 
         ,     
   
   
         
                
                -
            
9.   
2.
    "  "    
    ,
,                
  '   ,       ,   

     
    ,    
10.     
      
 -     ,   , 
              
              
           
  
    
11.   
       ,    ,  
       ,     ,   
            
  
   ,     '     

,        
12.  '  
             ' 
            
   ,
    -         ,
          
13.  
    ,         ,
 ,     ,      '   
       ,       
 ,       
2.
14.    
        
 -        
             
                  
   
     ,   

              
 -
                
 ,       ,       

 ,     
        ,
 ,  ,       ,   
        
,         
  
 ,  
       ,      : 
             -   ,  
               
     
2.    WTO  -        
     ?
:     :   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
1990                 
 ,
     ,        ' 
  ,          1995   
 (WTO)    ,          
   
  ,       
       :   ,      
       ,        
2.
      ,   ,     


  ,   WTO   (AoA)   '  
󹺢       
   (AoA),  ' GATT         
 1995     ,    '   :
1.  
   '  ( )    -
 (    )  
       36%      ,   
        24%    
            
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:             ,  
         
2.   ()
AoA   ""   :
o  :    (   )
  
o  :-     ()
o  :    (  ,  ,
 ) -       
        (- )  10% 
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:   -   (MSP)    (    )
         '       , 
          " "  

3.  
         

          36%    
   21%      
      24%  14%    
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔: ,     
,     
        
        '
  ,           
4.    (SPS) 
WTO      /      
   
       ,       

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:     ,      SPS   
       ,    
󷊆󷊇  '       
              
1.   
    ,    ,       
  
 ,   -    ,     ,  
     
 ,             
 
2.  ' 
            
             
             
 ,    " "      
      :  ,      
   ,         
3.     
  , WTO     , ,     
     
         
,            
  
2.
 ,       
   
   ,     '   
4.    
    (PDS)      (2013)  
   
 
  -   '        '
  
WTO ,             
    
             
    WTO     
5.  
   SPS         
 ,             ' 
     
      ,  
    ""
       
6.    
      ,   ,   
  -      
       ,     -   
-       
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃 
              
 ,        
 :
o :    , ,       
o :  ,  ' ,  ,  

:
o        '   ,  
     
o        ,    
 ,   
2.
󽆪󽆫󽆬
             , 
,        ,  ,  
     
  WTO    -  ,  ,  , 
SPS  -           
 
 ,      :
: ,  ,  ,  
:  ,  ' ,      , 
 ,    
       , WTO     
 -   
     ,       
    
     
-
3.       ?       ?
:󷊆󷊇  
   
       , 
-  
  - ,          , 

                
,           ,    ,
               
      
,          -    
               
󷇮󷇭       |
2.
              ,   
        -        

1.    
        
     
          ,        
  '      
    
 
  ,       
2.    
     ,          

               

        ,      
3.  
                
,               
              - 
   

             
4.   
   , -  ,      -  
         
     
  
 ,           
      ,         
5.  
 ,              
    
           
2.
  ,     ,         
          
6.     
              
 ,           " " ,
   ,              
          
7.  
      ,         
   ,         ,   
              
         -   
8.  
     
   ,      
   ,           
   , 
           
9.   
  ,            

 ,        
     
    -   
10.     
           '    
       ,        , 
      
2.
11.  
  ,     ,          
,   ,             
   
  -    
12.    
,        
  
        ,       
  ,      
 ,    

󹲉󹲊󹲋󹲌󹲍       ?
 
               
     
1.   
 ,            
               
     - 
        
2.  
    ,    (ITIs),  -
          ,     
     
        
       
3.    
,   -    '      
 '               
   
2.
4.    
 ,  ,         
      ,         

5.    
             
              
              
6.  
    ,  -     
        ,       
   '     
7.      
       '         ,
              

8.   
  ,            
            
  
9. - 
          ' 
          -   
     
2.
10.  '   
          
          ,    

11.     
  ,   ,        ' 
        
12.    
     ,       
  ,              , 
   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
              
     -   ,  ,     
 ,      ,        
 ,    ,    ,  ,   
        ,      ' 
    
;      ,    
       
 ,              

     ,    ,    
    
2.
4.              ?
:        
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
1947             ,      
       ,    ,   , 
            -       
 ,    ,             
          ,     
             
;  -
,        
󹺢     
1.  

  ,         
   , ,         
 
  , , ,       
       
              
    
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   ,    
   
  
2.     
          
       ,     
         
 ,  (),  (),   ( )
  '      ,     

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     '       
3.   
       ,       

2.
      ,  -    
  
     ,     
4.    
     
   -     
      ,      
      ,    '   

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 ,      
,      
5.    
     ,    
   

     , ,       
6.     
    ,      
     
 (  )       
       
7.    
 ,          
 '    
      -     ,   
  
8.     
  ,          
   ,        
'   
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃    
 -   ,          
     
 ,        
2.
1.    
            
      
           
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 ,      ,       
   
2.  
           
  ,     
3.  
      (   ) ,   
        
    ,    '   
    (  )       
4.     
            
 
        
 ,        
5.      
       ,    
   
           
  , 
        
6.    
        ,     

 
     ,    '       
  
7.  ' 
             
2.
 ,       
8.   
        ,    
  
     
󷇮󷇭    
   ,   1991       
        :
:              
 
-  (PPP):         
 
  '   :  ,     
  '       
,        
 ,      
 
        ,    , 
   '    
󽆪󽆫󽆬
       -        
  ,      - , ,   - 
()  ,           

: ,  ,        , ,
        
-
5.        -   
  '  
:   
                '
     ,      ,  
    ,   
    -   ,
2.
      ,     , - 
   
    - ,    -       
             , ,
      
 ,      
  -- 
      
  ?
            -  , 
            -   ,  
  
 ,   , ,      
        
       ,    -   
               ,  

    '  
1.    (1950–1970)
   ,    '      '  
 , " 
   ,     ?"  ,
     (ISI)  
   :         ' 
 
:  ,  ,   
: ,       
  

: " "  ,      
   ,    
   
   
 
 :     ,  
       
2.
2.    (1970  )
1970   ,            

  ,            ,
       
  :
o     
o    ,       
o    (    )  
:  ,       
: ,     
     
    
 :  ,  1990       -
  
3. , ,  (1991 )
          1991 ,     
     -           
 
          
:
o    
o     
o       
o    (FDI)  
o         
:           
           
:,     '  ,      
,   ,      ,   
    
 :      '  ,    
      '   
4.    (2004–2009, 2009–2014, )
2.
   -          (FTP)  
   
 :
o      - 
o     -    
o     SEZ (  ) '   
o          
:         
     
:  ,    (  2008)   
  
 :       ' 
  
5. "  "    
    ,            
 
   (2014):          
 
   - :     
  
    (PLI) :    
 (  , , )     
 :      ,   
      (FTAs) '     
:  ,        
  
:  ( > )      ,  
 ,       
 :           
 
 
2.
6.         
        (WTO)    
  
:           
:,      
 ,    
         ,   ' 
       
 :WTO   
      

 
      
1.    (    
,   , ,
)
2.    
3.     
4.        
  
1.  :     
2.   ' :     
3.    :      ,  
   
4.  :,        
  
5.  :      
  -   -
          
:   
 ,           -   
   -         1990     
,  , -      
2.
  ',        ,     
  '            
        -      , 
   ,    '  ,      
    ' 
6.         
  ?   
   ?
:    :   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
          
       
:       ,     ,   
    ,          
 ,              ,  
        ,     ,      
 ,              
          BoP       , 
    -    - , , , ,  
             ,   

  ,    ,       
         
󹺢        
  ?
1.  
        ,       25%  
 
     ,       
,          
        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔              ' 
  ,        
2.    
2.
      ,      
,            
..       ,   
  ,  ,      
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔        -  ,      

3.     
    '      ,      

1970, 1990  ,          BoP    
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔          
    -
   
4.      
             
         ,     
(BOP)    
5.     
            
        
6.  
        
 
        
  -    
 
7.  
         
   
      
8.    ' 
  ,       '   
 
2.
        
9.   
   -  , ,    -   
 
     
 
󷇮󷇭      ?
,                 
  
1.  
      
, , , ,     -
   '   
  '       
       '  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔           ,  

2.   
       
,         
            

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔             ,   

3.      
,          
      
4.    
        (FDI)  
              
2.
5. -    
-,          
           
6.   
             ,  
      
7.     
             
  
    (PLI)      
8.  
        - , , , 
,        ,    '  
 
9.  
       '   
     '  
10.      
       
"  "       
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃 
BoP        
 -     
     
    ,       
   
 -       ,  
         
2.
󽆪󽆫󽆬
         -   ,   

 :   (    ),   , 
,   ,    
   :  ,   ,   ,
     ,   
 ,      :
: ,  ,   , , , 

:  ,  , , -,  
,    
       ,   BoP    
 -   
                
  ,             ' 
    
-
7.              ?
:       
              -  
  ',    ,            
 ,           
    
     -        ,    
  ,           
       
;    - , 
           ,    
   ' -- ,            
 "  "  -       
    
2.
1.  
            
 
  ,       ,   ,  
          
    ,   
        ,         -
      
2.     
              ,  
           ,  
          -      '
 ,             ,  ,
        
3.    
                  
             ,  
       ,        
         
 : -     
,        
4.   
             ,  
 '   ,            
,            ,   
                   
    
5.  
    
;            
  ,  ,          
               
 '               
6.  
     , ,      
  '  ,        ,   ,
2.
,   - ,          
  ,       

7.    
             
 ,      ,          
     ,            

8.    
            -   
,          ,  -  
           ,  
(      )      
  
 
     
  
    
,         
        - 
       
     ,    
?
1.    
            ,    
   ,       ,     
 ,         - ,   
            
2.  
        ,         
             
  -         ,  
        '    
3.    
              
  ,            
            
2.
4.   
     
       
  
    ,          ,
      '           
  ,         
5.    
               
, ,             
   " ,  "    -   ,    
  
6.    
    
       
 ,      '         
       ,        
  
7.      
              , 
               
    (DBT)        
     
8.    
   ,           
 ,             
        

               , , ,
 ,                
 ,    
    
   , , 
         ,      
    
2.
      '             '
    -   ,    -        
     :   ,   
8.         
    
    ?
:          |
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
1951          ,   ,    ,
               
 - 
     
 ,             , 
            1950    ,
     1951        2017 ,   12 
  ,           
  
󹺢       |
      ,          
   :
1.  
            
   ,     , - 
   
           
2. -
       '  
       '   ,   
   
 ,          
2.
3.  
      ,       
  - ,    ,    '
  
4.     
     
;     
    ,        
    
    ,        
5.   
      ,        '  
 , , -     '  
       
6. 
     ,          ' 

    ( )  ,   - 

          
7.   
   ,        
           
,             

8.  
  ,    ,      
 
    ,      
,          
9.   (   )
  ,    

 1980   ,      
2.

 (2012-17)    ' ",    "   

󷇮󷇭
      ?
     
 : 
        ?
1.  :  
1951            ,  
 ,     
    
1991         
,     -           
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:  ,    
2. -:  
   ,           
   
 ,   ,        
  ,         ' 
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:    -,    
3.  :  
   ,         
        
 ,         ,    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:   ,      
4.  :   
1951 , 50%          ,    
 20%   
 ,         
     -           ,
         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:  ,  
2.
5.  :    
           
,          
    :  ,  ,     
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:     ,       
6. :  ,  
  ,         
       '   
      
  -   "  " 
    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:   ,       
7.   :  
         
 , ,       ,   , 
 -     
      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:  ,     
8.  :   
 1951  18%     77%     
      ,     
 ,          ,    

        ,      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:  ,    
9.  :   
    ,    ,     '
   
  ,      -     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:   ,        
2.
󽆪󽆫󽆬
                
             -    
           '     -  
           -   , 
      
     :
 
-
 
 
 

  
 

: 1951  -        
             ,  ;   ,
   ;   ,    
"               

       ,         "